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# Algorithme d'apprentissage
## La descente de gradient
La vidéo de ce tutoriel est disponible à l'adresse suivante: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MEyDJa2GTc

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from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import math
def fonction(X, Y):
return X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+(X**2+Y**2)/20
def gradient_fonction(X, Y):
g_x=np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+X*-2*X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+X/10
g_y=-2*Y*X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+Y/10
return g_x, g_y
fig=plt.figure()
fig.set_size_inches(9, 7, forward=True)
ax=Axes3D(fig, azim=-29, elev=49)
X=np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2)
Y=np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2)
X, Y=np.meshgrid(X, Y)
Z=fonction(X, Y)
ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1)
plt.xlabel("Paramètre 1 (x)")
plt.ylabel("Paramètre 2 (y)")
x1=x2=np.random.random_integers(-2, 2)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
y1=y2=np.random.random_integers(-2, 2)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
lr=0.2
lr2=0.9
correction_x1=0
correction_y1=0
i=0
while True:
g_x1, g_y1=gradient_fonction(x1, y1)
g_x2, g_y2=gradient_fonction(x2, y2)
correction_x1=lr2*correction_x1-lr*g_x1
x1=x1+correction_x1
correction_y1=lr2*correction_y1-lr*g_y1
y1=y1+correction_y1
x2=x2-lr*g_x2
y2=y2-lr*g_y2
ax.scatter(x1, y1, fonction(x1, y1), marker='o', s=10, color='#FF0000')
ax.scatter(x2, y2, fonction(x2, y2), marker='o', s=10, color='#00FF00')
plt.draw()
print("iteration= {} x1={:+7.5f} y1={:+7.5f} x2={:+7.5f} y2={:+7.5f}".format(i, x1, y1, x2, y2))
plt.pause(0.05)
i+=1

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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def fonction(x):
return x**2+3*x-2
def gradient_fonction(x):
return 2*x+3
xvals=np.arange(-5, 3, 0.1)
yvals=fonction(xvals)
plt.plot(xvals, yvals)
x=np.random.random_integers(-4, 3)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
lr=0.2
i=0
while True:
plt.scatter(x, fonction(x), color='#FF0000')
plt.draw()
plt.pause(0.5)
x=x-lr*gradient_fonction(x)
print("itération {:3d} -> x={:+7.5f}".format(i, x))
i+=1

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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def fonction(x):
return 3*x**4-4*x**3-12*x**2-0*x-3
def gradient_fonction(x):
return 12*x**3-12*x**2-24*x
xvals=np.arange(-3, 4, 0.1)
yvals=fonction(xvals)
plt.plot(xvals, yvals)
x=np.random.random_integers(-3, 3)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
i=0
print("itération: {} x={}".format(i, x))
lr=0.015
while True:
plt.scatter(x, fonction(x), color='#FF0000')
plt.draw()
plt.pause(0.5)
x=x-lr*gradient_fonction(x)
i+=1
print("itération {:3d} -> x={}".format(i, x))

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import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def fonction(x):
return 3*x**4-4*x**3-12*x**2-0*x-3
def gradient_fonction(x):
return 12*x**3-12*x**2-24*x
xvals=np.arange(-3, 4, 0.1)
yvals=fonction(xvals)
plt.plot(xvals, yvals)
x=np.random.random_integers(-3, 3)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
i=0
print("itération: {} x={}".format(i, x))
lr=0.015
lr2=0.3
correction=0
while True:
plt.scatter(x, fonction(x), color='#FF0000')
plt.draw()
plt.pause(0.5)
correction=lr2*correction-lr*gradient_fonction(x)
x=x+correction
i+=1
print("itération {:3d} -> x={}".format(i, x))

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from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import math
def fonction(X, Y):
return X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+(X**2+Y**2)/20
def gradient_fonction(X, Y):
g_x=np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+X*-2*X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+X/10
g_y=-2*Y*X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+Y/10
return g_x, g_y
fig=plt.figure()
fig.set_size_inches(9, 7, forward=True)
ax=Axes3D(fig, azim=-29, elev=49)
X=np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2)
Y=np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2)
X, Y=np.meshgrid(X, Y)
Z=fonction(X, Y)
ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1)
plt.xlabel("Paramètre 1 (x)")
plt.ylabel("Paramètre 2 (y)")
x=np.random.random_integers(-2, 2)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
y=np.random.random_integers(-2, 2)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
lr=0.2
correction_x=0
correction_y=0
i=0
while True:
g_x, g_y=gradient_fonction(x, y)
x=x-lr*g_x
y=y-lr*g_y
ax.scatter(x, y, fonction(x, y), marker='o', s=10, color='#00FF00')
plt.draw()
print("itération {:3d} -> x={:+7.5f} y={:+7.5f}".format(i, x, y))
plt.pause(0.05)
i+=1

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from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import math
def fonction(X, Y):
return X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+(X**2+Y**2)/20
def gradient_fonction(X, Y):
g_x=np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+X*-2*X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+X/10
g_y=-2*Y*X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+Y/10
return g_x, g_y
fig=plt.figure()
fig.set_size_inches(9, 7, forward=True)
ax=Axes3D(fig, azim=-29, elev=49)
X=np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2)
Y=np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2)
X, Y=np.meshgrid(X, Y)
Z=fonction(X, Y)
ax.plot_wireframe(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1)
#ax.contour(X, Y, Z, 70, rstride=1, cstride=1, cmap='plasma')
plt.xlabel("Paramètre 1 (x)")
plt.ylabel("Paramètre 2 (y)")
x=np.random.random_integers(-2, 2)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
y=np.random.random_integers(-2, 2)+np.random.rand(1)[0]
lr=0.2
lr2=0.9
correction_x=0
correction_y=0
i=0
while True:
g_x, g_y=gradient_fonction(x, y)
correction_x=lr2*correction_x-lr*g_x
x=x+correction_x
correction_y=lr2*correction_y-lr*g_y
y=y+correction_y
ax.scatter(x, y, fonction(x, y), marker='o', s=10, color='#FF0000')
plt.draw()
print("itération {:3d} -> x={:+7.5f} y={:+7.5f}".format(i, x, y))
plt.pause(0.05)
i+=1

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from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
from matplotlib.colors import LogNorm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import math
def fonction(X, Y):
return X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+(X**2+Y**2)/20
def gradient_fonction(X, Y):
g_x=np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+X*-2*X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+X/10
g_y=-2*Y*X*np.exp(-X**2-Y**2)+Y/10
return g_x, g_y
fig=plt.figure()
fig.set_size_inches(9, 7, forward=True)
ax=Axes3D(fig, azim=-29, elev=49)
X=np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2)
Y=np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2)
X, Y=np.meshgrid(X, Y)
Z=fonction(X, Y)
ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1)
plt.xlabel("Paramètre 1 (x)")
plt.ylabel("Paramètre 2 (y)")
x, y=np.meshgrid(np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2),
np.arange(-3, 3, 0.2))
z=-1
u, v=gradient_fonction(x, y)
w=0
ax.quiver(x, y, z, u, v, w, length=0.15, normalize=True, color='#333333')
plt.show()